The Kentucky floods are the latest in a series of severe weather events that have affected the US in recent weeks, following floods caused by sudden heavy downpours in Las Vegas and a flash flooding emergency in St Louis which left one man dead after he became trapped in his car by rapidly rising waters (ABC News, 2022a). Similar floods were also experienced in Arizona and, at the time of writing, further flooding is forecast in Missouri (Forbes, 2022). The rain followed drought conditions in many areas, where dry ground was unable to absorb heavy rain, exacerbating the situation (ABC News, 2022a).
In Stage 2, the mid-front vowels FACE and DRESS shift past each other in a coordinated pattern. The FACE vowel is lowering and backing, possibly reducing its offglide (FACE is often diphthongal in American English); the DRESS vowel is raising and fronting, gaining a rising offglide (Labov et al., 2006, p. 125). Like Stage 1, Stage 2 is a sliding scale of shiftedness. As the Euclidean distance of DRESS and FACE vowels grows smaller, this stage of the SVS is more advanced (Dodsworth & Kohn, 2012; Farrington et al., 2018). In the most advanced speakers, DRESS and FACE are essentially switched, with DRESS in the periphery of front vowel space (Fridland, 2012; Thomas, 2003). Between these two vowels, a highly shifted DRESS vowel (e.g., bed [beɪd]) is more salient as Southern or rural than a highly shifted FACE vowel (e.g., date [dɛt]) (Kendall & Fridland, 2012).
Rising Appalachia - Scale Down (2007)
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